Member-funded discounts are available for credit card companies, fund-raising projects and other entities to provide money-saving opportunities for the customers in question.
Trevor Neilson, president of the Global Philanthropy Group which is now managing Madonna's Raising Malawi projects, played down the war of words.
And, he notes, any swindlers would likely be the projects raising money, not the crowdfunding platforms that facilitate the process.
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User fees, says Mary Peters, the secretary of transport, are a way to reduce congestion while raising revenue for other projects.
Kickstarter is the poster child for raising cash online for new projects.
Meanwhile, local governments, overburdened with infrastructure projects, are raising taxes at three times the rate of increase in gross domestic product, just as exports to Europe are hit by the euro-zone crisis.
The law is designed to raise money for infrastructure projects throughout the state without raising taxes.
But the government believes its UK Guarantees scheme will help kick-start projects which have stalled due to problems raising funds.
Governments have traditionally funded projects from general tax revenues, rather than raising the money on a scheme-by-scheme basis.
There are plans to use the same means of raising money in the future to pay for other infrastructure projects.
Moreover, says Adrian Beney of More Partnership, a fund-raising consultancy, such gifts are often essential for capital projects: small donations typically cover running costs, big ones pay for new wings in galleries or hospitals.
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Winton is in the midst of raising his second fund to invest in minority enterprises and urban revitalization projects.
As word spreads among fans and developers about the possibilities offered by cutting publishers out of the loop and raising money directly from fans, the number of video-game projects on Kickstarter is mushrooming.
Raising the private finance that helps pay for many public-sector capital projects is also likely to take longer than usual.
Seventeen states revised their plans in the middle of this fiscal year, cutting spending, cancelling or delaying capital projects, issuing more debt and, in four states, raising taxes (by more than 5% in Arizona and New Hampshire).
Children in Need is the BBC's UK corporate charity, providing grants to projects in the UK which focus on young people who are disadvantaged, with fund-raising around an annual appeal.
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New Delhi has implemented some long-awaited measures such as relaxing foreign investment regulations in the retail, civil aviation and television broadcasting sectors, raising fuel prices to improve its finances and setting up a ministerial panel to fast-track industrial projects.
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