"Because the horses involved weren't racing at the time, I did not realize that what I was doing was in breach of the rules of racing, " he said.

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The ARCI has no regulatory authority in racing, but its commissioners establish model rules that are often adopted by individual racing commissions.

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There is no clause covering air rights in the rules of ocean racing, but they may have to rewrite the rule book.

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IndyCar officials have denied changing rules to foster riskier racing.

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The rules were changed to discourage tandem racing (when cars run nose-to-bumper) and encourage more exciting pack racing.

ECONOMIST: Motor racing

Dennis said the sport needed rules that fostered "freedom of entrepreneurship" and encouraged competitive racing.

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The Antigua Yacht Club split off the classics long before the La Nioulargue tragedy and has laid down rules that discourage the sort of vigorous maneuvers and confrontations that mark modern yacht racing.

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The recommendations of the IFHA, which has more than 60 member authorities from around the world, aren't binding on its members as each national authority sets its own rules based on the international body's recommendations in the International Agreement on Breeding, Racing and Wagering.

WSJ: Horse-Racing Body to Review Steroids Policy