Such borrowing pushes up interest rates and thereby crowds out more productive private investment.
These cycles are self-reinforcing: more lending pushes up property prices, which encourages more lending.
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And though it undoubtedly constrains urban sprawl, it also pushes up property prices in cities.
Normally, tightening FRB policy emphasis pushes up interest rates all along the yield curve, bearish for equities.
If a big increase in government borrowing pushes up bond yields, it will undermine cuts in short-term rates.
This, in turn, pushes up the amount of capital the firms have to set aside for a rainy day.
Third, there is an exchange-rate effect: a rise in interest rates pushes up the currency and so squeezes exports.
That insistence on perfection also pushes up manufacturing costs because many chips have to be discarded if they fall short.
Urban centers in the region feature a high concentration of top-rated universities and highly-skilled, professional jobs, which pushes up earnings.
Nobody would suggest that if, say, Mexico borrows in dollars, it pushes up dollar interest rates or somehow impairs America's creditworthiness.
Lab technicians, glassware, chemicals, the cost of disposing of chemicals, even the fact that journals require complex illustrations, pushes up the price.
Unless combined with a looser monetary policy, this pushes up bond yields, as Japan has seen of late, and so attracts foreign money.
The underside of the capsule will get hot as it pushes up against the Martian air - the heat shield will experience temperatures above 2, 000C.
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Then they sell Hong Kong dollars, which, under the rules of the territory's currency board, automatically shrinks the money supply and pushes up interest rates.
In the poorest countries, a rise of 50% in the price of staples pushes up the family food budget from 50% to 60% of household income.
It also pushes up prices and the rising cost of living has been cited as one of the biggest concerns among voters leading up to the election.
When the differential is in positive territory (red) it means higher, stronger air over the North Atlantic pushes up on the low-pressure air over the Arctic circle.
Some argue that using farmland for ethanol pushes up food prices internationally (world wheat prices rose 25% this week alone, perhaps as a side-effect of America's ethanol programme).
Falling productivity pushes up unit-wage costs, hurting profits and cashflow.
Cheap labor from places such as India and the Philippines is seen as pulling down wages for Singaporeans, even as property buying by wealthy foreigners pushes up home prices.
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As the API explained, the immediate loss of gasoline supplies and the lack of demand for crude from refiners pushes up the price of gasoline while putting downward pressure on crude oil.
Deflation pushes up the real burden of debt, while the value of assets linked to that debt, such as house prices, may have to fall even more sharply in nominal terms to return to a fair level.
That in turn pushes up average inflation.
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Their pay and assets will not appear to fall in numeric terms as inflation pushes up the value of all the things they need to buy, whilst pegging their income and assets value to a never rising floor.
New technology pushes up costs.
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The majority of forecasters expect it to continue to be weak - because they don't think there's much chance of a rapid economic recovery which pushes up domestic prices or wages, and because they think the new sources of energy coming on stream in the US and elsewhere will help keep a lid on the world price of oil and gas.
In such a scenario, speculation-boosted demand for commodities pushes prices up further, fueling more speculation.
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