It was applied to private individuals participating in public decisions and even private employees playing no role in public decisions.
Statisticians and engineers are perplexed by the popular perception of risks and the often nutty public policy decisions that result from it.
In the longer term, Mr Obama plans some sort of commissions which would include both Democrats and Republicans to mull over public spending decisions.
Thus it has no obligation to hold its meetings in public, announce decisions in draft form or even consider public comments.
For public companies, decisions are driven by the quarterly earnings call.
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Currently, they do not have to make clawbacks decisions public.
Only public officials should make such decisions, because they operate with the public good in mind.
Some environmental advocates dismissed the decisions as public relations moves in advance of Earth Day.
News Corp. or BSkyB could apply for "judicial review, " the process by which U.K. courts review the decisions of public bodies.
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But the independent agency is influential on matters of public safety and its decisions can spur action from like-minded legislators and transportation agencies nationwide.
And the public will measure their decisions against that principle.
Referendums have prompted public hearings on controversial decisions, a procedure that the construction ministry this week made mandatory for land-reclamation projects, which may have an effect on the wider environment.
The best intentioned home secretary, say penal reform groups, could not help but base his decisions on public opinion and political expediency, whatever the merits of the cases before him.
Under the terms of the 2011 Public Bodies Act, decisions to scrap quangos must be approved by Parliament and the government is obliged to give consideration to the views of select committees.
Last week, it produced a report recommending that a regional assembly should take charge of most regional public spending and make decisions about economic planning and development, transport, training, health and the arts.
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The researchers say the new model can help determine ways to contain an infection in a specific area, and can also help public health officials made decisions about treatment and vaccines in the early days of a contagion.
Since taxpayers remain on the hook for pension benefits promised, even if all the pension money is lost as a result of bad investment decisions, they alone will pay the price when dice-rolling decisions of public fund boards turn ugly.
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You know anyone who doubts why Britain is having to take these difficult decisions on public expenditure at the moment only has to look across the channel to see the mess that some countries have got into because they've not been able to convince the markets.
Another retort is that it is fantasy baseball to believe the Commissioner would just give up his considerable power to veto loans and do whatever else he thinks is in the best interests of baseball by allowing a public corporation to make decisions that he cannot control.
Answerability refers to the obligation of the government, its agencies and public officials to provide information about their decisions and actions and to justify them to the public and those institutions of accountability tasked with providing oversight.
Boston Public Schools in Massachusetts had 10 closings in the spring, which came about through collaborative decisions between the city public health commission and the superintendent, said Matt Wilder, spokesman for the schools.
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Thus, insider trading laws ignore many people who use non-public information in their investment decisions.
Unfortunately, when public pensions defend their investing decisions, truth may fall by the wayside.
Because politicians don't seem to know that they have a public mandate to make tough decisions.
Thousands of candidates from 50 electoral blocs were vying for 378 seats on provincial councils, which hold sway over public works projects and other decisions at the local level.
Ms McAlpine said public representatives were entitled criticise decisions made by the courts, but that it was "important that judges should be free to act independently and without improper influence".
By the same token, the Kirchners not only treated the opposition unkindly but also used the prerogatives of executive power to make decisions while skipping public debate and scorning dissent.
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Speaking on Wednesday, Conservative chairman Grant Shapps said the government had taken "difficult and responsible decisions" on public spending and welfare and contrasted this with other parties offering "glib and simple" solutions.
And in other words -- in other words, it is often the case that people see the way -- people see the situation as politicians make their decisions and the public makes complaints about it, that it is important for us to avoid such a situation by creating real discussions about our future ways.
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Consultations will be held with the public before final cost-cutting decisions are made next year, he added.
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