Many researchers made comparisons to neglected and orphaned human children, who also developed psychological damage.
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They say the deceit has caused them lasting psychological damage, with symptoms including panic attacks, extreme paranoia and post-traumatic stress disorder.
It can have a range of short and long-term consequences including infection, incontinence and infertility, as well as causing significant psychological damage.
It has become a lucrative niche for malpractice lawyers, who argue their clients suffered permanent psychological damage from the pain and fear.
Psoriasis is rarely fatal, but the psychological damage people can suffer because of the disfigurement can have a devastating effect on their lives.
"I suffered great psychological damage and fell into severe depression, " said the victim, whom CNN is not naming because she is a minor.
For others, depression comes about as a response to psychological damage, with the Freudian school of psychotherapy in particular linking this to how sufferers were nurtured in childhood.
Delia Balmer survived the 1994 attack for which Sweeney was originally jailed, but she lost a finger and suffered scars to her chest and head, as well as psychological damage.
The continuing violence is causing more than psychological damage.
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In addition to the lives lost, we inflict tremendous trauma on children who witness these attacks, and unmeasurable psychological damage on parents who never know if this day will be their last.
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But he would not have undergone the psychological damage of two crushing defeats that still lay ahead, and he would not have been presiding over a country at war in Southeast Asia and with itself.
Each lawsuit contends that the men only realized in the last year or so that they suffered psychological and emotional damage from their encounters with Clash.
Almost a thousand pounds' worth of damage was done, not including any claims for injury or psychological trauma.
"Whether the motivation is racism or some psychological disorder ... in an open society, it is impossible to keep a single individual from doing some damage, " he said.
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