Receptors are protein molecules that sit on the surface of cells in the nose.
These like to form cross-links between protein molecules, and thus tend to hold such molecules together.
Protein molecules form the machinery that makes them alive, and the blueprints for them reside in the genes.
The 400-nanometre version turned out an average of 190 protein molecules per vesicle.
Most biotech drugs are largish protein molecules that have to be injected because otherwise they would be destroyed by stomach acids.
The long one produces more transporter-protein molecules than the short one.
These channels are cylindrical assemblages of protein molecules which help to control such things as the electrical activity of nerve cells and the release of hormones.
What Dr Zussman and his colleagues have managed to do is break the internal bonds in the protein molecules by mixing them with a chemical called beta-mercaptoethanol.
Most researchers still believe beta-amyloid is the culprit, but the idea that free-floating protein molecules, rather than the proteins in the plaques, are to blame is gaining ground.
These encourage protein molecules to stretch out and form fibres.
This consists of two sugar-protein molecules known as gp120 and gp41 that react with a protein called CD4, which is found on the surface of certain cells of the immune system.
The odd thing about prion diseases is that the misfolded protein in question somehow acts as a catalyst for other protein molecules of the same type to misfold in the same way.
It was a stretch of DNA that could be transcribed by an enzyme called polymerase into a chemically similar molecule known as RNA. The RNA acted as a messenger that was itself translated into protein molecules in sub-cellular factories called ribosomes.
ECONOMIST: Genomics has not yet delivered the drugs, but it will
While Schwab kept looking for his protein, researchers identified other molecules that held up nerve growth.
The molecules of this protein are more or less globular, and are held in that shape by internal cross-links between different parts of the amino-acid chain of which the protein is composed.
In the mid-1990s Vertex chemists crafted compounds that block a key kinase protein that unleashes toxic immune-system molecules in arthritic joints.
This need for adjunct sugar molecules is one reason why making protein-based drugs is not as simple as it looks.
This protein spurs the body to produce crucial inflammatory molecules called leukotrienes, which had been thought to be involved mainly in asthma.
With the Clif concoction, however, you get, along with the ample sugar molecules, a heavy dose of protein and the warm feeling that comes from supporting the fight against global warming.
These work by binding chemically to that enzyme's active site to inhibit its action. (Protease cuts the raw chain of virus protein produced by a subverted cell into functional molecules.) However, the mechanism is not quite identical.
Nabi scientists chemically synthesized nicotine molecules and stuck them onto the Pseudomonas protein.
In January last year he gave a lecture at the UCSD Cancer Center on "in vivo protein transduction, " a means to deliver biologically active molecules, such as therapeutic peptides and proteins, inside the cell.
These messenger molecules go on to act as the blueprints for protein production, so preventing a transcription factor from working can cause all sorts of problems.
Hence, also, changing the order of the sub-molecules means that the message gets changed, and with it the protein.
In early 2000 Lieber and another Harvard chemist, Hongkun Park, created exquisitely sensitive biodetectors by pasting molecules--an antibody, say, that is attracted only to a particular protein--to their nanowires.
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