An analysis I did of research and development productivity earlier this year found that the amount companies spend per approved drug varies wildly.

FORBES: Ten Pharmas Aim To Cut Red Tape To Speed Drug Development

India's low productivity is the central preoccupation of McKinsey's analysis, which starts with the unexceptionable observation that India needs nearly to double its economic growth rate to 10% if it is to employ the masses due to enter the workforce over the next decade.

ECONOMIST: Why India's economy needs faster privatisation

The analysis in this paper assumes that the gains from productivity growth will be more broadly shared in the future, as they have been in the past.

FORBES: Want to Save the Planet? Just Slack Off at Work, Study Says

My analysis and the US GAO report suggest that the productivity of the industry is biphasic (steady up until 1980s and exponentially declining thereafter), suggesting that something(s) happened midway in the history of the industry (1940s to today) that negatively influenced new drug discovery productivity.

FORBES: Connect