Ethnically, while the level of illiteracy was high among socially-disadvantaged minorities (25.6% and 23.7% for the Roma and Turks respectively), it was significantly low for privileged social groups (e.g. 0.9%, 2.1% and 1.4% for Germans, Romanians and Hungarians respectively).

UNESCO: Parent Empowerment for Family Literacy Project (PEFaL)

Many were purely commercial outfits seeking to benefit from privileged tax and customs status, and were often run by organised-crime groups.

ECONOMIST: Russia