In 1998, as an adviser to a previous government, Mr Takenaka helped to draft a plan to restore the budget's primary balance by 2007.
But if the euro zone insists that Greece follow the bailout, the government's relatively small primary balance makes life outside the euro zone more feasible.
From 2003 to 2007, the primary balance deficit was reduced from JPY 28 trillion to JPY 6 trillion, a reduction of JPY 22 trillion, equivalent to increasing the consumption tax by 9 percentage points.
Unlike Mr Obama, Mr Ryan puts fiscal responsibility at the centre of his plan: it aims to bring the budget into primary balance as early as 2015 and federal government spending down to below 20% of GDP in 2018.
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For example, if the structural primary balance (budget balance excluding debt interest) in 2015-16 turns out to be only one percentage point better than the OBR now expects, our public sector debt would now be on a long term sustainable path.
Are you going to ask for it to be raised big enough to the point where you get to the year where in your budget you get to primary balance, which I think is 2017 -- which is a zero deficit -- running zero yearly deficits?
The primary budget balance (which excludes interest) rose to a surplus of 7% of GDP.
In any given period the debt stock grows by the existing debt stock (d) multiplied by r-g, less the primary budget balance (p).
The primary budget balance, which excludes net interest costs, thus providing a truer picture of government receipts minus expenditures in a given year, also appeared more favorable for the euro area in 2009.
There are two things that matter in government-debt dynamics: the difference between real interest rates and GDP growth (r-g), and the primary budget balance as a % of GDP (ie, before interest payments).
The education secretary also called for improved gender balance in primary schools, where far more women are employed than men.
BBC: NEWS | UK | Education | City teachers could get more cash
Another change being pushed is for the Fund to focus on emergency loans and cease its primary activity of covering balance-of-payments shortfalls.
At the national level the balance of primary incomes makes gross income, i.e. before deduction of consumption of fixed capital, equal to Gross National Income (GNI).
Secondary distribution of income account reflects the transformation of the balance of primary incomes by sectors into their disposable incomes, as a result of receipts and payments of current transfers.
It could rely on a wider variety of investors, not just primary dealers, to manage its balance-sheet.
However, "the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of primary care interventions to prevent child maltreatment, " the task force said Monday.
Treasury still has in place plans to purchase toxic assets to clean up banks' balance sheets, but the administration's primary goal now seems to be direct injection of capital into banks.
In the second phase, on-balance-volume and relative performance analysis play a primary role, though other technical tools are often also used.
Gender balance among staff is vital: countries with a higher proportion of female primary teachers are more likely to have higher enrolment rates for girls in secondary schools.
The usual approach is to conduct reverse-repurchase agreements, borrowing from one of its 16 primary dealers for short periods of time in order to finance the assets on its balance-sheet.
Nigel Utton, of Kent Primary Head Teachers Executive, said positive discrimination was the only way to achieve a 50-50 gender balance.
"A dean must balance the interests and aspirations of several important constituents--students, faculty and alumni being the primary ones, " he says.
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