Airbus, in turn, claimed that about 70% of Boeing's allegations had been dismissed by the WTO, which also failed to detect any price undercutting by Airbus as a result of the subsidies.
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Although it was easy for all to see that forty years of Airbus subsidies caused real harm to U.S. industry it is extremely hard to prove subsidies, in and of themselves, caused significant price undercutting, price suppression or depression in a short five year period.
But the fresh abundance of natural gas has also weighed on its price, undercutting the profitability of the business for energy companies.
The last thing Astana and Tashkent want to see is Ashgabat undercutting the price of natural gas they are negotiating with China.
Firms that spend money to publicly advance the field may be priced out by firms continuing to use the inefficient methods or copying the improvements and undercutting the price.
Supermarkets in the south however trying to lure local customers by undercutting rivals on the price of nappies inadvertently made it profitable enough for residents of nearby countries to start trading in them.
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Although this vehicle currently dominates the commercial satellite launch market, it is facing increased competition, especially from the US, where a new rocket developed by the Californian SpaceX company is undercutting Ariane sharply on price.
Fixed-price rules prevent Amazon and other digital distributors from undercutting bookstores.
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And the domestics were undercutting Nokia and Motorola by 25% on price.
In America, the effect of some states' hikes in tobacco taxes is being neutralised by a price war, in which smaller, discount brands are undercutting the big names.
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