They also urged doctors not to push expectant parents into prenatal testing, or towards abortion.

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MUSC, which began the policy in 1989 and ended it in 1993, began the program at the urging of Shirley Brown, a nurse in the obstetrics department, who sought legal advice after noticing that more and more low-income women seeking prenatal care were testing positive for cocaine.

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When violence bars women from HIV testing and prenatal care, the risk that they will pass HIV to their babies during childbirth and breastfeeding becomes much greater.

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In the U.S., high compliance with prenatal care and routine HIV testing during pregnancy has all but eliminated HIV-positive newborns.

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