China can run surpluses on such a scale only because Tokyo has offered Chinese goods highly preferential access to the Japanese market.
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The United States, for example, has long granted preferential access to goods assembled in Mexican maquiladora plants using components from north of the border.
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Mr Reid denied he was given favourable coverage in the Sun or News of the World as a result of providing preferential access to government information.
And if the rich cut tariffs, it would hurt some of the poor, because America and the EU already offer selected poor countries preferential access to their markets.
To circumvent the quota, many U.S. studios are launching tie-ups with their Chinese counterparts to get preferential access but these co-productions, as they are known, have mixed results.
They enjoy preferential access to large, low-cost reserves at home.
Local officials go to great lengths to protect companies on their patch, often by giving them preferential access to land or credit, or by easing bureaucratic constraints for them.
Halliburton - once run by US Vice-President Dick Cheney - has previously denied allegations in the US that it overcharged for services in Iraq and enjoyed preferential access to US government contracts.
However, British Conservative Marina Yannakoudakis accused the Commission of putting jobs at risk in the EU and developing world because of "rigid preferential access rules", citing sugar cane imports as an example.
Defence ties with America bring big benefits: intelligence is shared and Britain has preferential access to some American technology, not least the Trident missiles that help make Britain's nuclear deterrent cheaper than France's.
Countries in the Caribbean receive preferential trade access by the United States, generally referred to as the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI).
Similarly, the threat of losing foreign aid or preferential market-access may concentrate minds in the Caribbean.
Delighted dealers often give that adviser preferential treatment and access to better work.
Under his guidance Apple has better access, at preferential rates, to more component suppliers than the majority of other manufacturers.
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Look for, among other things, preferential insurance rates, HOV lane access, reduced tolls, and the suspension of congestion fees entering urban areas such as San Francisco and Manhattan.
In the meeting with employees, Zuloaga said that "politically, economically and legally" Globovision was no longer a viable business, in part because it had no access to dollars at preferential rates to buy equipment, as Cordero's business does, the employee said.
UNCTAD's project on market access, notes that poor countries often fail to fill Europe's existing preferential import quotas.
As part of the deal, these firms are given preferential treatment by the banks, including debt-for-equity swaps, lower interest rates, and access to a pool of some 2 trillion won in new loans and trade financing.
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