Its hallmark is excessive shopping and spending behavior that leads to a sense of personal distress.

CNN: The dark side of shopping

"The publication of these allegations has caused damage to the claimant's personal and professional reputation, in addition to obvious distress to both herself, Mr Timberlake, Mr Nickerson and his wife, " said Mr Smith.

BBC: Ms Diaz suffered "distress", her lawyer said

Pharmacies, personal care outlets, and off-licences have also seen their distress signals rise.

BBC: Retailers 'facing critical financial issues'