Female rats who had their ovaries removed became just as prone to a chemically induced condition similar to PD as male rats.
But some tumor cells have proteins that bind to the PD-1 receptors, shutting the immune cell down.
Mr Bersani announced the news to his Democratic Party (PD) after many centre-left MPs refused to back his preferred candidate for president.
Crime writer PD James is to publish a novel that puts murder at the heart of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice.
Mr Bersani, the PD leader, claimed to discern a strategy in the most recent attacks.
Mr Letta, 46, is considered a moderate within the PD and is linked to Mr Berlusconi through his uncle, Gianni Letta, who is one of Mr Berlusconi's closest aides.
His centre-right alliance PDL has been gaining ground but was still thought to be lagging behind the PD when a poll blackout was imposed earlier this month.
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Silvio Berlusconi's PDL and Enrico Letta's PD may be the heirs to Christian Democracy and Marxist ideology, but as in many other European democracies, centre-right and centre-left social democrat party policies now tend to converge.
"The idea is that perhaps oestrogen is being neuroprotective so that the neurones that degenerate in PD don't seem to be as susceptible to the processes in women as they are in men, " she said.
With their backs to the wall, the seriously fractured Democratic Party (PD), and Silvio Berlusconi's People of Freedom Party (PDL) decided to bury their ideological differences and will now try to co-operate in a last-ditch attempt to remedy a social and economic crisis that threatened to get out of hand after an indecisive February election.
Still, Il Cavaliere may not be making a full comeback, as the head of the center-left Partito Democratico (PD) Pier Luigi Bersani is expected to take the elections.
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Children's author Philip Pullman will receive the festival's honorary fellowship, an accolade given in previous years to William Boyd, Kazuo Ishiguro, and PD James.
Any such move would lead to a broad alliance inevitably including the opposing PD (headed by Pierluigi Bersani) and the social conservatives of the UDC.
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If its a PI or stalker, local PD will light them up, tell them to move along or even let the reporting party know what is going on.
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Mr Veltroni was, it is true, constantly undermined by Massimo D'Alema, a PD baron and former prime minister whose refusal to take a back seat weakened the centre-left.
Based on the new resultsRoche is planning to launch a late-stage trial of its PD-L1 inhibitor in lung-cancer patients, while Bristol-Myers is moving its combination regimen into late-phase studies as well.
The bill, which began its parliamentary journey this week, has been rejected outright by Italy's biggest trade-union federation, the CGIL. That stance has put the leaders of the centre-left Democratic Party (PD) between the rock of their historic ties to organised labour and the hard place of support for the government.
One of the studies it helped fund has led to a promising antibody-based treatment called anti-PD-1, which activates the immune system against cancer and helps shrink or eliminate tumors in melanoma, lung, and kidney cancer patients.
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We went to a seafood place across the street from the old Boston PD building in Back Bay and talked about Spenser, the archetypical private eye he created.
Furthermore, the implied 5-year PD from CDS spreads for Italy is above 35% and close to 40% for Spain, (Figure 3).
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For copper, one of the biggest producers is Phelps Dodge (nyse: PD - news - people ), which is expected to earn just 20 cents per share in fiscal 2003, after two consecutive annual losses.
And the leader of the centre-left Democratic Party (PD), Pier Luigi Bersani, said "we encouraged Professor Monti to go ahead with determination".
Other new commissions include Death Comes to Pemberley, a three-part hour-long drama, adapted from PD James' bestselling novel.
Their goal was to have rotigotine delivered via a patch, since one of the biggest problems plaguing PD patients is keeping the right amount of medication in their systems throughout the day.
Since both the PD leader, Pier Luigi Bersani, and Monti are dull, leaden communicators who failed to offer any positive, hopeful message for their voters, the way was opened for Berlusconi.
Judge PD Kode told him that his acts had "disgraced the Muslim religion" and only served to increase communal tension between Muslims and Hindus.
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