External beam radiation involves zapping a patient with high-dose X rays generated by a machine called a linear accelerator.
If a patient needed a big dose of muscle relaxant, it can mean more time on a ventilator as those drugs wear off.
Unfortunately, those four filters mean you also have to take four separate images to get one clear image, giving the patient quite the extra dose of radiation.
Another problem was the way Pfizer dosed the drug: It was difficult to convert a patient's normal insulin dose into a dosage of Exubera.
"The bottom line is clinicians must take all clinical parameters into account for the patient and prescribe the lowest dose for the shortest duration of time, " said Dr. Joseph Sanfilippo, vice chairman of reproductive sciences at Magee-Women's Hospital in Pittsburgh, in an e-mail to CNN.
No other state has opted to follow suit, and no cases have been reported in Oregon in which a patient has been given a lethal dose of drugs for any reason other than a terminal illness.
But new research is showing that immunotherapy, a method of giving a small dose of peanut to a patient in a controlled setting and then increasing the amount over a few months, may help temper these reactions.
But the Prometheus patent is different, the appeals court said, because in the former case the doctor is passively calculating results while under the Prometheus process the doctor has to administer a drug then adjust the dose based on how the patient responds.
Second, the only way to really know which drug or which dose is right for a given patient is to conduct a clinical trial that compares drugs or doses to each other or against a placebo.
The patient can signal the pump to give a higher dose at meals.
There have been widespread concerns that if a patient stops taking the drug suddenly - or changes dose - they are vulnerable to suicidal feelings.
Consider, for example, the reactions of the European Medical Agency (EMA) and Health Canada to the report of the unexplained death of a U.S.-based patient less than 24 hours after receiving the first dose of Gilenya, a relatively new oral treatment for multiple sclerosis.
Which is why this slide, which shows the data for every patient in the study to received the 600 milligram dose of VX-809 both by itself (during a run-in phase) and with Kalydeco is the best argument so far that this combo is helpful to patients thought not as helpful as Kalydeco is to those who can get that drug alone.
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Dose selection should factor in what other drugs the patient is taking.
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The company said it couldn't confirm that amount, and that a dose of the drug varies depending on such factors as a patient's weight and severity of bleeding.
Many people see geoengineering as a false solution to an existential crisis akin to encouraging a heart-attack patient to avoid exercise and continue to gobble fatty food while simply doubling his dose of Lipitor.
Dr. ANDREW EINSTEIN (Cardiologist, Columbia University): Using beta-blockers or other medications to lower patient's heart rate, which in many cases will chip the radiation dose down by minimizing the number of images which are taken, and matching the technical parameters such that the patient doesn't receive too many x-rays.
The device instructs a patient to breathe at the correct speed, and a microprocessor-controlled motor squeezes the desired dose of insulin through microscopic holes on a mouthpiece, generating a fine aerosol.
Prometheus has a patent on a method for administering the proper dose of a drug by first administering a little, then checking the amount in the patient, and then deciding whether to administer more.
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Last year, a 10, 000-patient, five-year study of Lipitor, called Treating New Targets, or TNT, showed that the high dose of Lipitor was significantly better at preventing an array of cardiac problems including heart attacks, strokes and surgical procedures than a lower dose (see: " More And More Lipitor").
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