"It's important for African-Americans to see there are other race struggles going on in the world, " says Wells, whose e-book "Black Paris Profiles, " shares the stories of 24 black American and Afro-Caribbean folks who reinvented their lives here.
Since spring 2012, one of Black Paris Tours' four guides functions as a "nightlife coordinator" for guests who want to experience Paris after dark.
Black Paris Tours operate Monday-Friday except during late December and January.
Oakland, California, native and former broadcast journalist Ricki Stevenson fulfilled a lifelong dream of moving to the City of Light, and in 1997 launched Black Paris Tours.
Julia Browne launched Walking the Spirit Tours in 1994, and it became the first company to focus specifically on black American history in Paris.
Karl Lagerfeld showed black, shiny ones for his Paris-Shanghai collection for Chanel in 2010.
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As the legions of black outfits swarmed the runways of Paris this season, the resounding victory was apparent.
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Following their prayer sessions, Ms. Bradford said, she got a steady job as an understudy on a Broadway musical, "Black and Blue, " a review that opened in 1989 celebrating black culture between the wars in Paris.
Under the Occupation, as Braque continued to explore both the Vanitas and other potential Christian themes, his colors grew increasingly darker, to browns and black, reflecting the growing gloom of Paris.
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"Ivanishvili has an army of lobbyists who essentially do black PR and spread misinformation about the elections, " says Zoe Reyners, a Paris-based political consultant employed by the Georgian government.
"Paris is not just a foreign city, " says Browne, a certified France specialist who also offers black history tours elsewhere in France.
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