Chalk streams in the Lincolnshire Wolds are shallow, clear and oxygen rich, supporting a wide variety of plants and wildlife, including the water vole.
These free radicals are oxygen-rich molecules in which one of the oxygen atoms is particularly likely to react with other chemicals.
Much of the damage looks like the result of oxidation by free radicals (oxygen-rich compounds released during cellular energy production).
Such reactions, though, often create damaging oxygen-rich molecules called free radicals, which are thought to be one of the driving forces of ageing.
That means they destroy certain sorts of oxygen-rich molecules that have been linked, at least circumstantially, to age-related complaints such as heart disease, neurodegeneration and cancer.
Over millions of years this created an oxygen-rich atmosphere that rapidly removed electrons from minerals near the surface, creating rust out of iron and forming thousands of new minerals from other metals like nickel, copper and uranium.
The Swedish government is funding research into the feasibility of using a wind-turbine driven oxygen pump in the Baltic, following studies carried out last year by the University of Gothenburg, which looked at the effect of pumping oxygen-rich surface water to the bottom of two Swedish fjords.
Carbon-rich worlds contrast sharply with the Earth, whose interior is relatively poor in that element but rich in oxygen.
Dr Jiang reckoned that a cold plasma, particularly one rich in oxygen ions (which are notoriously destructive of organic materials), would be enough to do the job of breaking up a biofilm without harming the patient.
The combustion is slow and rich, using just enough oxygen to bust apart the diesel molecules into hydrogen and carbon monoxide without burning off the diesel entirely.
Upon exposure to water and oxygen, these minerals oxidize to form acid-, iron- and sulfate-rich drainage.
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