Nor can we rule out effects of other features of the 1994 Crime Act or a host of state and local initiatives that took place simultaneously.
Economic change in recent decades has made London less reliant on other parts of the UK, and now cities such as Leeds, or Glasgow, look to the spin-out effects of the overheated London financial sector.
Revenue rose by 18.2 percent at constant exchange rates (stripping out the effects exchange rate changes).
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EU's figures are in purchasing-power-parity terms, which strip out the effects of exchange-rate fluctuations.
But underlying profits - which strip out currency effects and exceptional items - were up 33%, while revenues grew 10%.
In standalone mode it operates independently of the free app, pumping out sound effects and color commentary as you rack up points.
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As policymakers and pundits try to work out the effects of a Greek exit, banks and investors have already been taking precautions.
One is meta-analysis, in which the results of clinical trials are pooled together to try and tease out small effects of a treatment.
To factor out the effects of age, we limited the sample to the 20 players who were 26 years or younger at the time of the injury.
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And, after stripping out the effects of the economic cycle (an inexact business, admittedly) the underlying fiscal position is roughly in balance, unlike in the early 1990s.
In the early part of the century, scientists fed rats very limited diets, teasing out the effects of various foods and the micronutrients they contained, including vitamin D.
Medical practice changes all the time, new drugs are introduced, so how can we select out the effects of more competition from the general improvement in the health service over time?
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The scientists involved in Interphone are, it must be said, well aware of these biases, and efforts to work out their effects and adjust for them were always part of the plan.
Messrs Frey and Stutzer find that a one-point increase in this democracy index, after stripping out the effects of the other variables, increases the share of people who say they are very happy by 2.7 percentage points.
The fact is that the scientific jury is still out on the effects of cell phone-emitted radiation.
The New England Journal article spells out the positive effects of a tax increase that decreased smoking overall.
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As an interesting side note, two papers just out on the effects of speculation upon price levels.
However, working out the precise effects of Basel 2 is difficult.
Working with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the North Dakota Department of Health ran a test to find out the health effects of lead-shot game.
Benn claimed he was not arguing a case but just setting out the democratic effects of EC membership without judging whether they were outweighed by the advantages.
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On that day Litvinenko fell sick, suffering (it eventually turned out) the effects of poisoning by polonium, a rare radioactive substance that killed him three weeks later.
Now totting all of this up and finding out the true effects of this mixture of taxes would be, as the technical term has it, a right pain.
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Novartis is confronting such concerns head-on with large clinical trials that try to tease out potential side effects and will take the rare step of directly comparing Prexige, formerly known as Cox-189, to both Celebrex and Vioxx.
This is also leaving out all of the effects of State spending on the same issues, plus leaving out the effect of government or tax paid for services like K-12 education.
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One should also not stop with the short-run effects of the minimum wage but trace out the longer-run effects on the number of jobs and unemployment rates for affected workers.
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That said, subtler effects of climate change such as more sudden rains and particularly hot days with disproportionate effects on yield are left out, which might mean the study underestimates the effects.
Only 7% of patients on the drug in studies dropped out because of side effects.
But its effects play out in the lives of young people in devastating ways.
It misses out trade's effects on productivity and the benefits of freer trade in services.
Much work still needs to be done to assess how these psychological effects play out over time, Medway said.
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