They also opened in Syria, especially in the cosmopolitan city of Aleppo, and then in Istanbul, the capital of the vast Ottoman Turkish Empire, in 1554.
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On that day the musketry and artillery of Selim the Grim, the Ottoman sultan, blasted to shreds the sword-wielding cavalry of Egypt's 250-year-old Mamluk sultanate, opening the way to 400 years of Ottoman Turkish rule over all but the peripheries of the Arab world.
The final section focuses on the Persian Saffavid, Mughal Indian and Turkish Ottoman empires, whose artistic and scientific achievements between 1500 and 1800 dazzled Europeans.
Part of the Turkish Ottoman empire from the 16th century, Algeria was conquered by the French in 1830 and was given the status of a "departement".
The Ottoman room is in updated Turkish style, with deep-red bedspreads, fabrics and oriental carpets.
Since Turkey's new geopolitical assertiveness of Ottoman heritage will be driven by Turkish interests, those interests can best be reconciled with European interests on an arm's length basis.
Dressed as an Ottoman merchant and able to speak fluent Turkish, he accomplished the mission and saved the city during the 1683 Battle for Vienna.
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Also interwoven, for historical context, is a biography of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of the mono-ethnic Turkish republic which replaced the multi-ethnic Ottoman world.
These two slightly dusty inland towns are notable for their Turkish-speaking minorities, holdovers from the Ottoman Empire, who still purvey succulent Eastern sweets such as lokum and baklava.
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Regarding the latter, the progressive, centuries-long, gradual decline of Islam as a dominant force and civilization reached its nadir in 1924, when Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) simultaneously did away with the Caliphate and the Ottoman Empire by overnight transforming the latter into a secular Turkish republic.
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Turkish artists hand-painted the walls with intricate Ottoman designs and the bathrooms have hammam-style basins.
This calls for a Turkish zone of political, economic and cultural influence, primarily among neighbours (many of them former Ottoman dominions) in the Balkans, the south Caucasus and the Middle East.
Turkish officials have been meeting Iraqi Sunni tribal leaders to gauge their reaction to the presence of their erstwhile Ottoman rulers.
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