In only a tenuous sense, then, is E. coli a species in the way that, say humans or mice are species.
The grafted skin could tear, and infection is possible from the trace amounts of murine cells, which come from lab rats or mice, used to aid skin growth.
The first practical application of embryonic stem cells was to provide a way for the gene-targeting trick invented by Dr Capecchi and Dr Smithies to be used to produce adult mice lacking particular genes or knockout mice, as they are now called.
That handful of genes will be placed in cell cultures or in mice.
In a study, his group found that DHA fatty acids from fish oil could delay or deter the onset of Alzheimer's disease in rats or older mice that had been genetically altered to develop the condition.
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If the study in question is about mice, never talk about how the results will lead to a therapy or a cure or write about the mice as though somehow, they are just tiny humans with tails.
Scientists then tested a class of drugs called histone deacetylase, or HDAC, inhibitors on the mice.
The researchers bred mice that produced no dystrophin, or another related protein called utrophin.
The most common method of producing antibodies has been to take non-human antibodies--from animals such as mice--and alter, or "humanize" them.
We also prefer our mice to have an extra shortcut button or two, so the Whirl certainly disappoints to that end.
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The gene remained turned off, or inactive, when the antibiotic was put in the mice's drinking water.
This is force feedback, or the art of simulating physical forces in devices ranging from mice and joysticks to surgical instruments and even knobs on stereo receivers.
By 2003 researchers he had funded were able to turn embryonic stem cells into dopamine-producing neurons, but once they were put into mice, the neurons either reverted to embryonic stem cells or stopped producing dopamine.
To see whether it was the rapidity with which the changes were made that hastened the demise of the old mice, the researchers repeated the experiment but either delayed or advanced the light part of the cycle every four days.
No other species is prodded, discombobulated, or poisoned quite so much in the quest to protect humans, except mice.
He suggested the analgesic effect may work in combination "with other toxins that prevent the prey from getting away" or may just affect different animals, such as birds, differently to mice.
Food and Agriculture Organization based in Rome, over 50 billion vertebrates are consumed by humans every year, a number that does not account for fish or marine and fresh-water invertebrates, or for biomedical victims of experimentation, from dogs to hamsters to rats and mice.
Researchers can now create mice with the same genetic defects and test potential treatments on them, or study the progress of the disease.
Researchers at Duke University have discovered that, despite strong belief to the contrary, mice do have basic vocal learning ability, allowing them to keep pitch, or to you and me -- sing.
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The mice the two independent labs used were several generations distant from the original strain or grown from preserved embryos, and in that interval, any number of changes could have happened in gene sequences or to affect how the animal uses the gene.
Mice don't develop atherosclerosis, which means they don't have heart attacks or strokes.
That's probably one of the most -- if not the most -- common uses of genetic engineering, is scientists engineering rats and mice who suffer from various diseases that they then want to study to learn about cures or treatments for human disease.
This study was only in mice, meaning it is not known if there would be a similar effect in people - or if there would, how early treatment would have to start.
"Bats are about the size of mice and they have very small teeth, and so if you have a bat fly into you or bump you, that bat may have just bitten you and you may not appreciate it, " he says.
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