When storms hit or congestion surfaces, controllers respond by increasing spacing between aircraft, leading to delays and flight cancellations.
The Treasury has sought to draw a distinction between charges for, say, parking or congestion (the revenues of which it accepts can be hypothecated), and ordinary taxes which must remain inviolate.
Ministers know they need to switch the burden of tax from fuel to direct charges such as motorway tolls or urban congestion charging, but fear voters' reaction.
In August, the New England Independent System Operator (ISO-NE) asked the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to penalize businesses and other ratepayers for producing clean electricity during periods of peak demand or high congestion.
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Lord Adonis, the IFG's boss and former Labour Transport Secretary, argued that London would not have had the Olympics, or Crossrail - the multi-billion rail tunnel through the heart of the city - or its congestion charge system, without an elected mayor.
Each road is color-coded according to its level of congestion or average travel speed.
There can be a world of differences in how quickly networks can be restored during heavy congestion or after a crash.
The main economic justification for rail subsidies is to ease congestion or pollution, yet the bulk of the rail subsidy goes to areas such as the Highlands where these are not much of a problem.
Failing to do so will result in massive degradation in service quality to consumers, whether it is through explicit use of data caps or through network congestion that results from a lack of funding for network expansion.
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Carriers have argued (lied, frankly) that such penalties are necessary due to network congestion or financial well being, despite the fact that flat-rate pricing has been perfectly profitable, the costs of delivering broadband continue to plummet, and most well-run fixed-line networks experience limited to no substantive congestion.
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If an airline can claim that a delay was caused by bad weather or air-traffic congestion, then it is not required to provide free lodging or other compensation to passengers.
Still, if politics or technology rules out congestion-based road-pricing, a second-best case can be made for raising the petrol tax instead.
But video poses real challenges, as it consumes considerably more bandwidth than both voice and data, and video quality degrades substantially, often unacceptably, when network congestion interrupts or delays individual packets in traffic streams.
Whether you are looking at London leading on congestion charging, or San Francisco leading on solar power (with a system the size of a football field on top of its convention centre), it is clear that strong civic leadership matters most of all.
He added that the benefits of using sustainable transport are wide-ranging, from "enjoying healthy exercise as you walk or cycle to work to reducing congestion in our towns and cities".
The information can be used to guide motorists around congestion using digital highway signs or on Web sites like Google Maps that show traffic conditions in real time.
The information can be used to guide motorists around congestion using digital highway signs or on Web sites like Google (nasdaq: GOOG - news - people ) Maps that show traffic conditions in real time.
In particular, Meltzer says, a leukotriene inhibitor like Singulair could be far better at treating nasal congestion than an antihistamine like Claritin or Zyrtec.
But it will not melt snow, build new runways to ease congestion, make the sun shine or prevent air traffic control strikes or disruptions.
In a text message to the user's device, drivers will get the location and severity of accidents or new road construction causing areas of heavy congestion.
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Some transport groups believe the BRT will not cut congestion and other alternatives such as more rail services or a tram system would be more viable than dedicated bus routes.
The majority of food allergy cases -- about 80 percent -- are "cyclic, " with mild symptoms that resemble those of pollen or dust allergies: sneezing, itchy eyes, and nasal congestion, said Dr. Alpen Patel, assistant professor of otolaryngology at Emory University.
Think of the congestion on many public roads, the rationing of broadband spectrum or the exorbitant prices of government issued taxi medallions (and therefore cab fares) in New York City.
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Symptoms of acute sinusitis include nasal congestion and obstruction, nasal discharge, tooth discomfort and facial pain or pressure that is worse when bending forward.
It suggested lane rental charges should be avoidable - for instance, by companies carrying out work during quieter periods or, if appropriate, at night - and proportionate to the costs of congestion.
Incoming dirty ships would have to transfer their cargo or be cleaned, which takes time, and cleaning the ships could create delays and port congestion.
Phillip Baumel says the river could get by with small, much cheaper fixes like extending lock guide walls or replacing the first- come, first-served system with a reservation system to relieve congestion.
Iowa State University economist Philip Baumel says the river, could get by with small fixes like extending lock chamber walls or replacing the first-come-first- serve system with a reservation system to relieve congestion.
That's not far or fast, but it's enough to make the EN-V useful for cutting down congestion in urban settings, particularly high-density cities in China and India, Borroni-Bird said.
Congestion in British cities has yet to reach the nightmarish gridlock of Mexico City, Cairo or Bangkok, but already the motorways around Birmingham and the main approach roads to London are jammed for many hours of the day.
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