The three set up a firm called Diversified Corporate Loans in 1983 to pool bank loans and manage the portfolio with their options-pricing models.

FORBES: Default-risk bookies

In Japan, Goldman has taken a 43% share of Tokyo's electronic stock-options market by attaching Hull's complex pricing models to its own know-how.

FORBES: Fear, Greed And Technology

When selling new innovative services, tweaking and optimizing pricing and creating tailored packages from various options are vital processes for ensuring the profitability of new business models.

FORBES: Connecting marketers to the Forbes audience. What is this?