In 1991, Dole helped Bair get appointed to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, which regulates commodity futures and option markets.
While physical demand was firm, exchange-traded funds saw hefty outflows and futures and option markets participants had low net-long positions on the Comex exchange.
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Gensler will be in charge of the CFTC, an independent agency created by Congress to regulate trading in the commodity futures and option markets.
In effect, executives and employees were given a call option on the markets by the banking system.
However, according to Gartner it was previous iPhone models, which dropped in price enough to make them a more appealing option in emerging markets, that accounted for much of Apple's smartphone success.
It would also be the preferred option of the international markets.
Given our main tech focus the consequences of failure are losing one times our money, but the large markets make the option value of success very attractive in our view.
For U.S. investors looking to gain exposure to stocks that only trade on foreign markets, one option is to buy an ETF that holds these stocks directly on the foreign exchange.
While bank lending remained an important source of financing, companies of all sizes and all credit ratings had the option of accessing the bond markets and, by the end of the 1980s through the issuance of high yield securities, a different universe of creditors.
Of course, defaulting countries will want at some stage to return to the capital markets, and the option that they will at some point start paying the coupons on their bonds is worth something.
We're happy that Comcast is now offering the TiVo interface in certain markets as a paid option, and we'll be pleased as punch when those long-promised new DirecTiVo units ship out, but the simple fact of the matter is TiVo can't continue to rely on the same strategies and ideas that haven't worked for the past ten years.
For example -- for example, some have suggested that the public option go into effect only in those markets where insurance companies are not providing affordable policies.
The second option would be to intervene in the currency markets by selling dollars and buying rupees.
This is one reason I keep beating the free-markets-plus-public-option drum.
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The US carriers want to be one step ahead of the curve that could lead to declining mobile voice revenues in markets where consumers still have the option to pick a voice minute bucket.
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Another option: Eaton Vance's Structured Emerging Markets Fund, started in 2006, which invests in developing countries like Mexico and the Czech Republic and has a tiny stake in Vietnam, with stocks such as Vietnam Enterprise Investments Ltd.
But the put option was a nasty sting in the tail once the markets turned mean.
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In these markets, cash increasingly seems like a pretty good option.
The issue was discussed over a hectic weekend in Paris by leaders of Germany, France, Britain and Italy, but they passed over the option of coordinated action in favor of simply vowing to stabilize markets.
Whereas in the 1870s, East Coast and European bankers had no option but to trust deeply knowledgeable experts on specific illegible emerging markets such as oil and steel, by the 1900s, bankers could do to wannabe-Carnegies what people like Carnegie themselves had done to the artisan class: extract the knowledge they brought to the party and neutralize its use at the negotiating table.
"If you see the Fed proposal the way it is, then unbundling is definitely an option, " says Chris McWilton, president of U.S. markets at MasterCard.
Investors probably have no option but to ride the wave, if only because the outlook for developed markets looks so flat.
There is the option of minimizing risk by investing in American companies that have strong sales in emerging markets, Coca-Cola and McDonalds are examples of this in 2010.
It said one option would be to close the General Market and relocate 10 occupiers to the other two markets.
But that may not be an option given the group's other problems and the parlous state of Malaysia's capital markets.
It so happens that markets already provide this information, in the form of the premium of a call option on the company's share-price.
Sensing the need for clubs in markets big and small to provide the service, the company rolled out a "managed service" option, with which teams essentially lease the service instead of buying.
Another option: Eaton Vance (nyse: EV - news - people )'s Structured Emerging Markets Fund, started in 2006, which invests in developing countries like Mexico and the Czech Republic and has a tiny stake in Vietnam, with stocks such as Vietnam Enterprise Investments Ltd.
This may be the best-known danger in derivatives dealing: everyone in the markets knows that if shares stop trading or the share prices become much more volatile than expected, an option's market value will differ from the model's valuation.
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