India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain.
He says he wants an open, export-oriented economy, kind to small and medium-sized entrepreneurs.
Mr Cardoso ended three decades of inflation, and did much to sort out chaotic public finances and establish an open, market-based, economy (see article).
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That analysis may be right, to judge by a recent open-air assembly on the economy, with a few dozen participants squatting on the paving stones of Madrid's Plaza del Carmen.
The central bank has also shifted towards a tighter stance in recent weeks, withdrawing cash from the economy via its open-market operations.
Thailand became a free-market economy, open to all investments from all countries, and it absorbed its Chinese immigrants, who had arrived during and after British rule.
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They want the Anglo-Saxon economic model - a liberalised economy, open markets, free trade, an end to the agricultural subsidies that, for the French, have been the bedrock of the European Union for half a century.
All it takes is a few Somalia-based bitcoin outlets to open up their economy to the rest of the world economy.
Japan, by contrast, needed to scrap its antiquated banking system, migrate half of its industrial work force into new-technology exploits and open up its service economy to the withering discipline of foreign competition.
At its recent meeting, the Federal Open Market Committee, by a vote of 11 to 1, announced a third round of quantitative easing (QE3), which unlike the earlier rounds is open-ended and will continue even after the economy picks up steam.
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It seems that the market is banking on the Fed chief making explicit promises to spark the economy and capital markets with creative open-market operations.
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Measured fiscal policy, commitment to maintaining an open economy, and prudent use of commodity-generated income have the country poised to continue delivering impressive economic performance the IMF recently forecasted that Indonesia will grow by more than six percent per year for the next five years.
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If re-elected, he says he wants to open the economy up still further.
The government should be careful not to contradict its wish for an open, competitive economy, however much small and black-owned companies might benefit.
It is big, fast-growing and open to new ways of powering the Chinese economy.
However, unlike the US, which has benefited from years of open-market experience, Russia is relatively new to the market economy.
Mr Djukanovic, meanwhile, should be urged to open up his economy to the sort of legal, private-sector activity that gives people a stake in peace.
Kuwait has a geographically small, but wealthy, relatively open economy with crude oil reserves of about 104 billion barrels - about 7% of world reserves.
As leaders, we share responsibility to do whatever we can to help grow our economy and create good middle-class jobs, and open up new doors of opportunity for all of our people.
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"Everyone here really wants to keep this firm open and save it for the future - it's vital to the local economy, " she told BBC News.
If the Fed insists on expanding its balance sheet far beyond the needs of the real economy, then it should allow the public to open (large) non-interest-bearing accounts at the Fed itself.
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The attempt to stimulate the economy further through open market purchases was called quantitative easing to distinguish it from interest-rate easing.
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Preliminary cease-fires have been reached with ethnic armies, and new laws allow for a more open economy.
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Clinton told reporters that his first-term economic team helped expand the economy, create nearly 11 million new jobs and open overseas markets.
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