Chinese fertility was falling for decades before the one-child policy took effect in 1979.
They were the parents or other relatives of citizens who had violated the hated one-child policy.
In recognition of this, while controversial, the Government of China adopted a one-child policy.
But it will also make a difference to China, thanks to its one-child policy.
China's one-child policy, implemented in 1980, has already started to erode the labor supply.
"The trend is shifting, because in the 1970s China enacted the one-child policy, " Pao says.
The pressure to be "good" is far more than what you get from the one-child policy.
And China's one-child policy was an entirely home-grown idea, although it had its foreign admirers.
That's because of its one-child policy an oppressive measure that no Indian government would get away with.
The first wave of children born under China's one-child policy are now entering their 20s.
Babies, Americans have heard, are ripped callously out of wombs in pursuit of China's one-child policy.
But Chinese officials do not dispute that the one-child policy has played a role.
The one-child policy is not the sole cause, as India shows, but it has contributed to it.
Chinese director Zhang Yimou is under investigation for allegedly violating the country's one-child policy, state-run media say.
BBC: China director Zhang 'investigated' over one-child rule
The ratio of boys to girls in China since the one-child policy was instituted in the 1970s.
Chinese demographers hope the census will produce data showing that the one-child policy is no longer needed.
As virtually every Chinese demographer will tell you in private, the one-child policy has long outlived its usefulness.
Chinese population officials, who have tenaciously supported the one-child policy, seem determined to ignore its huge social costs.
On Thursday, USA Today created a stir by suggesting that Beijing might end its notorious one-child policy.
In addition to skewing the country's age distribution, the one-child policy has probably exacerbated its dire gender imbalance.
China's one-child policy would not count because it applies to ethnic Chinese unless it were brutally enforced on, say, Tibetans.
The dislocation of families has been exacerbated by China's one-child policy and a dramatic advance in life expectancy.
China has a one-child policy, but it is not based on religion and exceptions apply to minority ethnic groups.
Elsewhere a traditional preference for boys, combined with the one-child policy, has resulted in widespread abortions of baby girls.
And China's one-child policy can only be part of the problem, given that so many other countries are affected.
China's one-child policy means there is a shortage of women of child-bearing age.
In one hour of discussion, the one-child policy and abortion was not mentioned.
Due to its one-child policy, China, too, faces the prospect of demographic decline.
There are many reasons for the government's hard-line defence of its one-child policy.
In the earliest days of the one-child policy, this sometimes meant female infanticide.
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