And what about the extreme weather experienced on the open ocean?

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As a seafaring nation, Britain depended on accurate navigation, and determining longitude on the open ocean depended on comparing local time to the time in a place where the longitude was known.

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The bin was housing gooseneck barnacles and crabs that typically live on floating debris in the open ocean.

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According to Teruyuki Kato, the project's leader, this arrangement can measure a buoy's vertical motion with an accuracy of a few centimetres, which will pick up dangerous tsunamis in the open ocean where they are mere ripples on the surface (they rear up into killer waves only when they reach the shallows).

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Even in the best of times, the open ocean is one of the harshest, most unforgiving environments on earth.

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Last February, I stood on the rooftop of Nakano Elementary School in Sendai and contemplated the vast open plains near the ocean front.

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We were into open country now, running straight up the coast about a mile from the ocean on a two-lane blacktop road across the dunes with no clouds in the sky and a full moon blazing down on the Pacific.

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The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) is an open, online database and tool on the biodiversity, geographic distribution and abundance of marine life.

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On a surprisingly mild December day, we left from a marina near the Rockaways, made a short run to the open ocean, and started to drift some 200 yards off the beach.

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