"The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race, " Roberts wrote.
For instance, the federal Fair Housing Act prohibits housing discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, family status or pregnancy, and handicap.
The club's actions contravened a decree issued by the Ministry of Tourism last summer barring resorts from discriminating on the basis of race, nationality or disability.
"The purpose of Title VII is to promote hiring on the basis of job qualifications, rather than on the basis of race or color, " Justice Kennedy said.
His concerns reflect the views that prevailed at the Reagan White House: that the government should ignore historical or even continuing inequities and never recognize or reward individuals on the basis of race.
The amendment to the state constitution would prohibit the state from granting preferential treatment or discriminating against any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, skin color, ethnicity or national origin.
Laws that distinguish between individuals on the basis of race are (at least in theory) almost impossible to justify, because the Supreme Court has held that they are subject to "strict scrutiny, " the most forbidding standard of review.
Perez noted the U.S. Department of Justice's duty to enforce laws that bar "discrimination on the basis of race, color or national origin, " and requirements that "affirmative measures" be taken to assist students for whom English isn't their native language.
And Miller-El's lawyers had also introduced evidence that the two prosecutors in his case had been found by a Texas court to have struck jurors on the basis of race in two other cases that went to trial at about the same time as Mr. Miller-El's case.
And the Safe Schools Improvement Act, sponsored by Senator Bob Casey of Pennsylvania and Representative Linda Sanchez of California, would require school districts to adopt codes of conduct specifically prohibiting bullying and harassment, including on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, and religion.
WHITEHOUSE: Empowering Young People to Build a Kinder, Braver World
Instead, lawsuits proceed on the fact that it is usually illegal to discriminate on the basis of sex, race, religion, disability or national origin.
ECONOMIST: Attractiveness discrimination: Hiring hotties | The
Under existing laws U.S. courts generally reject lawsuits against supervisors, unless they're accused of discriminating on the basis of age, race or sex.
Discuss with the attorney whether you have a potential legal claim, say, for discrimination on the basis of age, race, sex or disability, or for illegal retaliation because you refused to do something improper.
应用推荐