Most of those chemicals are designed to stay underground, where they react with the rock and help the oil and gas flow.
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Wells in shale plays have to undergo a process known as fracturing to boost the porosity of the rock and to make oil and gas flow to the well head.
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Another early beneficiary might be Carbo Ceramics, which sells ceramic pellets the size of grains of sand that are pumped into the rock surrounding the wells to prop open the tiny cracks through which oil and gas flow.
Every well that gets drilled into shale formations or other tight reservoirs requires hydraulic fracturing before the oil and gas will flow.
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Rather, as a consequence of injecting water and sand into the shale formation to crack the rocks so gas and oil will flow, massive amounts of waste water comes back to the surface with significant amounts of contaminants as a result of leaching out salt, heavy metals and trace amounts of radioactive materials from the rock formation itself.
Although the company has grown its oil and gas production and operating cash flow, it has taken a lot of new debt and common equity raising to accomplish these growth objectives.
Though a program displays panels showing all the critical processes of a real rig (fire and gas detectors, valve status, oil flow from the sea bed and so on), and then responds to the actions of the trainee by altering these displays appropriately, a human operator can intervene at any time if things seem to be going too smoothly.
Additionally, the rise of Islamism threatens to disrupt the flow of oil and natural gas from the region - a significant share of the world market - while discouraging investment in untapped reserves that could lessen dependence on Middle East supplies.
Third, and most important, Timor-Leste's oil-and-gas income is relatively modest, and started to flow only after independence.
Canadian's oil and gas trusts typically pay out most of their cash flow (net income plus noncash charges like depletion) to unit holders.
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