To fight surgical infections, often caused by harried doctors forgetting to administer preoperative antibiotics, the hospital initiated a pre-op pause, like the one for pilots before a takeoff: Everyone stops for 30 seconds to make sure all safety steps have been taken.

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Most bunion surgeries take between six and 12 weeks for recovery, and often include time on crutches and in surgical shoes or boots, doctors say.

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These often involve tough calls, involve competing concerns, and they require a surgical approach.

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And yet it is one of the oldest surgical procedures, having been practiced by one-sixth of the world's population, often for religious reasons, for almost 4, 000 years.

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