The current wave of viral panic is of course the most recent chapter in a very long history of epidemics: Ebola in the 1990s, mad cow disease in the 1980s, polio in the 1930s and 1940s, the black death in the 14th century, and so on.
It is this continual process of genetic drift gives rise to the seasonal epidemics of flu and norovirus.
"At best using single antigens would leave many more children unprotected for extended periods and would raise the likelihood of epidemics, " he said.
In the early 1950s the world was in utter terror because a relentless, paralyzing virus was spreading and turning into the cruelest of epidemics.
Built after a string of cholera epidemics in the 19th century by Joseph Bazalgette, an engineer in the heroic Victorian mould, the capital's 14, 000-mile sewer network was a triumph of engineering and a victory for public health.
ECONOMIST: The capital's overflowing drains are due for a big upgrade
Several different bacteria can cause meningitis but Neisseria meningitidis -- which is to blame for this outbreak -- is one of the most significant because of its potential to cause epidemics.
The plan is to vaccinate 300 million adults between the ages of 1 through 29 by 2015 to stop the epidemics.
FORBES: Corporate Entrepreneurship: Eliminating Disease via Public-Private Partnerships
Fortunately, such a doomsday scenario is unlikely: none of the other recent outbreaks of avian flu resulted in human epidemics.
DC, has been looking at the economic consequences of epidemics.
Trevisani says the rapidly growing debt-free company has high operating margins and is gaining market share in diabetes treatments, giving it exposure to one of the fastest-growing global epidemics.
There had never been epidemics of smallpox before the vaccine, but many outbreaks swept across Europe in the nineteenth century.
But Scott Zeger, the head of the department of biostatistics at Johns Hopkins, who performed the statistical analysis in the study, points out that clustered sampling is the rule rather than the exception in public-health studies, and that the patterns of deaths caused by epidemics are also very variable by location.
Yamir Moreno of the University of Zaragoza, who studies complex networks and spreading patterns of epidemics.
Longini specializes in the mathematical and statistical theory of epidemics.
When he was manager of the Vicks VapoRub brand in India, flu epidemics posed absurd dilemmas: should he boost production beyond licensed limits (a punishable offence) or leave market demand unsatisfied?
We use the word virus deliberately to make the analogy with disease bearing vectors and in the absence of a sufficiently large number of hosts epidemics and pandemics simply die out.
So far in this century, three epidemics of it have been let loose in the world.
Between 1998 and 2000, this enabled the governments of Botswana, Swaziland and South Africa to detect all epidemics within two weeks, and to respond within two weeks of detection.
Scientists say they have, for the first time, worked out the pattern of spread of hepatitis C, showing early diagnosis is key to preventing epidemics.
In some southern African countries, half of new mothers could soon die of AIDS. Epidemics are emerging in China, India, eastern Europe and countries in the former Soviet Union.
In some parts of Africa, such as the highlands of eastern Africa, the Sahel and the deserts of southern Africa, malaria is not a constant threat, but comes in sudden epidemics.
Law enforcement agents should be able to test the toxin found in the letters to determine its potency and purity, as well as learn what chemicals may have been used to extract it from widely available castor beans, said Murray Cohen, the founder of the Atlanta-based Frontline Foundation, which trains workers on preparedness and response to bioterrorism and epidemics.
The Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP) is a group of 21 stakeholders working together on eliminating these devastating meningitis epidemics in Africa.
FORBES: Corporate Entrepreneurship: Eliminating Disease via Public-Private Partnerships
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