Likewise, the administration's declaration that it would not unleash nukes on non-weapons states that lived by the rules of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was criticised either for being unwise (because it curtailed deterrence against biological and chemical weapons), or misleading (because it is so full of loopholes that it does not curtail deterrence much at all).
All of this is not to say that certain concepts of Cold War era deterrence strategy are not still applicable.
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In a speech at West Point, he argued that the cold-war doctrines of containment and deterrence could not work against terrorists or dictators with nuclear bombs.
As argued previously, Iran may not be affected by the prohibitory factors of deterrence and the nuclear taboo due to particular internal characteristics not present in any state previously possessing nuclear weapons.
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And that meant that the traditional deterrence approach was not adequate.
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These countries, each for its own peculiar reasons, are not subject to the Cold War deterrence principals.
This can be caused by deterrence, a decision not to enter due to the economy, or some combination of the two.
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It was argued before the appeal judges that the sentences imposed after their conviction did not adequately reflect the need for deterrence.
It focused on a broader set of strategic missions than those guided by the BUR and 1997 QDR, including enhanced protection of the U.S. homeland against both state and non-state threats, deterrence in multiple theaters not only of direct aggression but also of investments in disruptive technologies such as ballistic missiles.
But the High Court ruling will not distinguish atoms for peace from nuclear deterrence.
American force levels will be set on the basis of what is deemed by our government to be necessary for U.S. deterrence and security requirements, not determined by the often arbitrary results of protracted negotiations with Moscow.
It is all the more incredible, therefore, that the leaders of the industrialized West have decided not to take steps designed to maximize such deterrence.
In any event, they stress, Arrow is seen not as a panacea, but as part of a wide array of strategies, including deterrence, civil and counter-strikes.
But not everything can be solved by co-operation, and so the third safeguard is to bolster deterrence.
If deterrence worked against a heavily-armed Soviet Union, ask sceptical Europeans, why would it not work against a roguish regime with just a handful of rockets?
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