The normalrule of thumb was that a canal (subject of another boom earlier in the 19th century) would halve the cost of transporting coal, and that rail would halve it again.
Such cases traditionally have been dismissed under the so-called business judgment rule, which prevents judicial second-guessing of normal business decisions.
To date, only a few of America's largest companies have adopted the policy of treating stock options as a normal business expense, despite the fact that for many, the rule would have a minimal effect on their bottom lines.