In November 2011, three Pakistan players were jailed for accepting money to deliberately bowl "no balls" in a Test match against England.
Information on when no balls would occur in an innings could be exploited by gamblers betting on specialist markets offered by some bookmakers.
No legal bookmaker in Britain takes bets on the specific timing of no-balls, so no bookmaker can have been defrauded.
Eight needed from the last ball - India are out barring wides or no-balls.
The umpire at the bowler's end makes decisions on lbw decisions, no-balls, wides and leg byes.
The International Cricket Council imposed five-year suspensions on all three cricketers in February over the deliberate no-balls at Lord's.
Amir was detained for six months in a young offenders institution after admitting bowling two intentional no-balls at Lord's.
But three no-balls, and a dropped catch which disappeared for four, cost the Scots dearly as New Zealand got home.
It is true that umpire Rauf missed two large no-balls which accounted for the wickets of Strauss and Ian Bell.
The umpires indicate no-balls, byes, leg-byes, wides, boundaries and sixes to the scorers, who keep a running total of the runs scored.
Ntini bowled two no-balls and one wide, and Matt Prior took advantage of one of the free hits with a big six over mid-on.
The umpires indicate no-balls, byes, leg-byes, wides and boundaries to the scorers, who are responsible for keeping a running total of the runs scored.
Umpires don't call chucking no-balls on field any more, which is a step forward in terms of not subjecting players to a trial by humiliation.
Last year, Indian cricket officials suspended five players after a sting by undercover TV reporters purported to show cricketers agreeing to bowl no-balls and spot-fix matches.
BBC: Indian cricketers arrested over spot-fixing allegations
But that still did not prove enough as Boje took advantage of the two-run penalty for no-balls in this competition to somehow snatch an improbable tie.
Riaz took 5-63 in the first innings of his debut and claimed seven wickets in total in his two Test matches, bowling seven wides and 13 no-balls.
BBC: Police to question Pakistan bowler Wahab Riaz next week
Butt was jailed for his role as the "orchestrator" of the plot to bowl deliberate no-balls in the Test at the Lord's cricket ground in London last summer.
The final day of the fourth and final Test at Lord's in August had been overshadowed by claims Pakistan's bowlers had purposely overstepped for no-balls - causing shockwaves through the sport.
Former Australian captain and match referee Barry Jarman even placed a protractor next to a picture of Murali, apparently feeling that a bent arm alone demonstrated that he was bowling no-balls.
The allegations first appeared on 29 August in the News of the World newspaper, which accused skipper Salman Butt, Asif and Amir of accepting money in return for bowling deliberate no-balls.
BBC: Police to question Pakistan bowler Wahab Riaz next week
It was claimed Asif and Amir deliberately bowled no-balls at pre-arranged times during the Test, with Butt also said to be involved, in return for money from a bookmaker's "middle man".
Vaughan won the match in fine style with a dismissive pull to the boundary off Lee, who sent down a total of seven no-balls, some almost a foot over the crease.
Former Pakistan captain Asif Iqbal told John Humphrys that supposedly "easy money", from occasional no-balls that could be thought not to affect the outcome of the game, may have led to corruption.
Butt, Amir and Asif were last month caught by a News of the World sting which alleged they accepted money to deliberately bowl no-balls during the fourth Test against England at Lord's.
It was claimed Asif and Amir deliberately bowled no-balls at pre-arranged times during the Test, with skipper Butt also said to be involved, in return for money from a bookmaker's "middle man".
Shoaib Akhtar bowled just 14 overs for the day - in short spells - and claimed 2-41, while his opening partner Mohammad Sami bowled 10 no-balls and conceded 1-104 off 19 overs.
Sunday tabloid newspaper the News of the World alleges that two of Pakistan's players deliberately bowled three no-balls as part of a betting scam in last week's Test match against England at Lord's.
The Test series that preceded the one-day matches had been overshadowed by claims that bowlers Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir deliberately bowled no-balls after an undercover journalist paid money to a middle man.
Andrew Flintoff, in his first match for England since the World Cup in April, reached 90mph in his first over and bowled with impressive accuracy in two spells, with only some rogue no-balls to mildly inconvenience him.
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