Britain's victory over the French fleet on the Nile in 1798 ended Napoleon's plan to invade India.
Near the end of that period Washington's army suffered brutal cold at Valley Forge (1777), and Napoleon's, a frigid retreat from Russia (1812).
There was a secret deciphering office in London, a successor to the Post Office's foreign letter office, and another code-breaking unit in the Admiralty, both of which cracked Napoleon's codes, as did the bureau noir attached to every European government (though the Austrians reckoned their best intelligence came from the emperor's pillow talk).
Princess Mathilde Bonaparte , the daughter of Napoleon 's brother Jerome, was the first.
In 1840, Napoleon's remains were interred in Les Invalides in Paris, having been brought from St.
Napoleon's intention was not to occupy Russia or overthrow Alexander by stirring a domestic revolt against him.
Its bosses like to quote Napoleon's saying about never interrupting your enemy when he is making a mistake.
As the German city of Colberg, it was slap bang on the invasion route for a number of armies, including Napoleon's.
The letter, which dates from Napoleon's ill-fated invasion of Russia, was bought by the Museum of Letters and Manuscripts in Paris.
But it traces back to an ancient line, and a famous Barbet once fought in Napoleon's infantry, say the breed's fanciers.
She begins by describing the plucky survival of Venice after the fall of the Serene Republic to Napoleon's army in 1797.
Mr. Samson later cemented the role by placing a gold crown on his own head during a celebration of Napoleon's 1804 coronation.
"Wyeth has taken the 'Napoleon's retreat from Moscow' approach, by continuing to whittle claims down 10% to 15% a month, " Pruner says.
With an unerring scalpel, Johnson cuts to the quick of Napoleon's character.
The regiment was formed in 2007, but can trace its history back more than 200 years to the peninsular war against Napoleon's forces.
With Napoleon's fall, questions of free trade and sailors' rights became moot and the two sides agreed to re-establish the pre-war status quo.
He quotes Napoleon's memoirs to show how deeply the Frenchman admired Washington and how utterly baffled he was by his voluntary relinquishment of power.
The Swiss team say the presence of arsenic in Napoleon's hair, the source of the poisoning theory, was linked to this enthusiasm for wine.
Earlier it was centre stage in Napoleon's disastrous invasion of 1812.
Just as he was appointed prime minister, Mr de Villepin published a book about Napoleon's first 100 days, tempting fate by giving himself that same deadline to reform France.
After hastily abdicating the Spanish throne in 1814, Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte absconded with the pearl to the United States, where it and he bided their time, lying low in Philadelphia.
The prime minister, Dominique de Villepin, may be the most prolific (and florid) of all, with eight books to his name, including two of poetry and a history of Napoleon's 100 days.
France has dealt sensibly with its nastiest would-be separatist danger: Napoleon's native isle of Corsica, some fifth of whose people are nationalists of one kind or another, has been pacified with a mixture of subsidy and devolution.
Dr Alessandro Lugli, who carried out the study which appeared in the American Review of Human Pathology, told the BBC News website he thought theories about alternative explanations for Napoleon's death would continue to be put forward.
Mr. Frings, age 52, says he especially enjoyed meeting the winery's owner, Hugh Davies, and learning to open a bottle of bubbly with a saber, a technique Napoleon's army is said to have used when celebrating battlefield victories.
In 1807 one of Napoleon's generals was sent to remonstrate with the then incumbent over the local practice of chopping prisoners' heads off, including, allegedly, that of a French general whose head was then used as a football.
War among the great powers was a common, if not constant, occurrence in the long periods of multipolarity from the 16th to the 18th centuries, culminating in the series of enormously destructive Europe-wide wars that followed the French Revolution and ended with Napoleon's defeat in 1815.
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