In the last month, Kodak initiated lawsuits against Apple, HTC, and long-time nemesis Fujifilm for multiple patent violations related to the use of digital imaging technology in smartphones.

FORBES: Kodak isn't Going Down Without a Fight

To try to extend the lives of a pill, a company may patent it multiple times, protecting not only a chemical compound but also manufacturing methods or uses for the drug.

FORBES: The Generic Onslaught

Lipitor's patent ran until 2017, but multiple generic companies challenged it.

NPR: Court: Can Drug Companies Pay To Delay Generics?

Last fall, the company filed a patent for a new projector that could display 3D images to multiple viewers without the need for ugly headgear.

FORBES: Why Apple Won't Release a 3D TV

The looming patent expirations and also the Remicade arbitration have caused Merck to trade at a very low multiple of earnings.

FORBES: Does Merck Need To Win The Battle With J&J For Remicade?

The result is not only that a single patent filing can cost tens of thousands of dollars in fees but that the inventor must file multiple applications as a defense against competitors--particularly in a global economy.

FORBES: The smother of invention