Especially since the 1997 Asian financial crisis, in which the International Monetary Fund demanded high interest rates to bail out banks, developing countries have stocked up on reserves for fear of losing their national economic sovereignty.
Consequently the shadow interest rate is high and monetary policy is effectively very tight.
The Fed is conducting monetary policy to counter high unemployment and possible deflation.
The second worry is that monetary growth looks uncomfortably high.
Today the U.S. finds itself headed for a reprise of 1937 with hawks calling for the immediate exit from both loose fiscal and monetary policy even amid high unemployment.
Such will of course be supportive of high rates of monetary inflation yet again in April.
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The best contribution that monetary policy can make to high and stable levels of growth and employment is to respond flexibly and transparently to bring inflation back to target.
So now the same Keynesians say the spending blowout wasn't large or long enough, taxes still aren't high enough, and monetary policy hasn't been easy enough.
China's government will be reluctant to ease monetary or fiscal policy while inflation remains high.
But many strategists argue that high government deficits and easy monetary policy may produce inflation down the road.
Other factors, such as a flawed monetary policy that burdens businesses with unnecessarily high interest rates, hurt Mexico as well.
In the high-tech industry, monetary awards are a better way to ensure that the pace of technological progress does not slacken under a welter of questionable lawsuits.
Rates are expected to rise again in April at the next Monetary Policy Council Meeting and hit as high as 12.5% before the second half of the year before starting to decline again.
The monetary base is potential money, potential high-powered money, but as long as its growth is primarily in reserves on deposit by the banking system at the Fed it is not yet money.
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The country ticks reliably with a skilled labor force, strong exports of high value added products and disciplined monetary and fiscal constructs.
It is true that the Monetary Base, which used to be considered high-powered money because it consists of currency outstanding plus the reserves of the banking system, expands with the expansion of bank reserves.
Largely because of the Federal Reserve's easy-monetary policy, "there's a high, probably artificial demand for equity, " Mr. Travis said.
Foreign debt to GDP ratios reached as high as 167% and the International Monetary Fund was obliged to step in with a rescue package.
High-volume web scraping could cause significant monetary damages to the sites being scraped.
The ECB president said that if high sovereign yields hurt the transmission channels for monetary policy, keeping risk premiums under control would come within the bank's mandate.
While it appears like a distant possibility, high commodity prices coupled with ultra-loose monetary policy and a cold economy could, in a very bad scenario, lead to stagflation.
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This might be because in banking and monetary-policy circles, Mr Trichet's reputation remains high.
Some, like Ireland, have uncomfortably high inflation, and for them a relaxation of monetary policy would be unwelcome.
The Japanese stock market hit a four-year high Thursday in the wake of the recent aggressive monetary easing by the Bank of Japan.
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With many American stocks still quite appealing on a valuation basis, and Washington steadily expanding the monetary base in an attempt to support the labor market, high net worth individuals might be well served in the long run to carefully adjust their portfolios sooner rather than later.
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Some say that at this time with a risk of monetary adjustment via higher central bank rates the hope premium may be unduly high.
The state of the housing market is likely to have been high on the agenda when the Bank of England's monetary-policy committee met this week.
High consumer demand in Brazil, coupled with what the International Monetary Fund said this weekend was excessive loan growth, has prices for real estate and other goods and services on the rise.
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One school of thought is that a high unemployment rate is structural and immune to the stimulative effects of monetary policy.
China has been tightening its monetary policy to reign in rampant inflation, which reached a 25-month high of 4.4% for the month of October.
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