One-third of classrooms in the state are held in portable or modular buildings, many of which are desperately in need of maintenance and energy retrofitting, and some of which are actually toxic because of the chemicals they contain.

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The NHS chief said the temporary buildings, known as modular wards, were specifically designed for hospitals where trusts where considering redesigning services.

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City officials decided late last year to use modular construction to replace the destroyed buildings at the beaches, in part to avoid building outside in the heart of winter.

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Buildings will be of "modular demountable construction", so they can be rapidly built or rebuilt, and there will be a raised floor throughout the Dome to conceal the formidable cables associated with the Dome's energy and IT systems.

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The American section of the show, at the Whitney, organized by Phyllis Lambert with K. Michael Hays, adjunct curator of architecture, deals with Mies's development of modular construction, from the long, low buildings of the Illinois Institute of Technology's Chicago campus, which he designed as head of its architecture department, to his high-rise apartments and offices and his ultimate vision, the resolution of structure and enclosure as monumental, universal space.

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"In some ways I'm surprised it's taken the mainstream architectural community so long to utilize containers in this way -- as their modular, standardized shape lends itself so well for creating interesting buildings, " he says.

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