To determine CO2 levels before the introduction of modern stations, scientists must use so-called proxy measurements.

BBC: Carbon dioxide passes symbolic mark

Mr Livingstone believes there are two reasons: political cowardice and "modern" cities built after the introduction of the car that do not need a congestion charge.

BBC: Has London's congestion charge worked?

The change to BlackBerry also brought the introduction of BB 10, a more advanced and modern operating system that aims to put the smartphone pioneer on an equal footing with the likes of iOS and Android, OSes that have robbed it of a good deal of market share with BlackBerry's efforts apparently focused elsewhere.

ENGADGET: BlackBtrry Water Game hands-on Hands-on

With pardonable exaggeration, Ms Uglow in her introduction credits the Lunar men with nothing less than inventing the modern world.

ECONOMIST: 18th-century science

In the modern history of Mexico, for example, a big landmark was the introduction, 15 years ago, of text-books that were a bit less anti-American.

ECONOMIST: Learning about the past

Cycling did not appeal to the masses until the introduction of the pneumatic safety bicycle with a chain and sprocket drive (the prototype of the modern design).

FORBES: A Comic Look At The 1890s Bicycle Boom