Gaia, Greek Goddess of Earth, was worshipped on the island of Crete as the ancient mistress of all the animals, and the many cults that grew up in her name gave rise to modern geography, the now accepted biochemical Gaia Hypothesis, and what the ancient Greeks considered the most sacred of all oaths: our indebtedness to Earth.

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Oxford came top for English language and literature, philosophy, modern languages and geography in the QS World University Rankings by subject.

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"You can argue that the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in use today are a modern form of cosmography as they combine geography and astronomy to give users precise locations, " said the doctor.

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They are maths and English, two sciences, a humanity (geography or history) and a modern foreign language.

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