For the former, the debate is over the perversion of Shariah and its pre-modern ethic and economic principles.

CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: Shariah��s Black Box

Since the rise of the modern animal movement in the 1970s, however, this ethic has been on the defensive.

BBC: EATING

The best-known was devised by Max Weber, a father of modern sociology, who drew a connection between the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.

ECONOMIST: Religion and economics