Many would defend utility theory (as well as other aspects of their standard model of behaviour) as a useful approximation, pointing out that exceptions to approximations can always be found.

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In the Radio Times, Dr Williams said Jesus was not just a model of perfect behaviour and was "constantly asking awkward questions" in the Bible.

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Morgan Chase has analysed the Fed's macroeconomic model of the American economy, derived from past behaviour.

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They are expected to adhere to lofty standards of behaviour and should act as a role model for pupils.

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But cultural explanations of immigrant behaviour also collide with belief in the integration model.

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