The groups own much of the land in northern Quebec and without their blessing, mining companies as well as provincial government have no right to mine their mineral rich land.

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In the 1879-84 War of the Pacific, Chile won control of mineral-rich land once held by Peru and Bolivia, and the outcome left Bolivia landlocked.

BBC: Peru deal gives landlocked Bolivia coast for own port

The drilling companies typically acquire leases with landholders who have access to oil and mineral rights below their land by using a landman (either an employee of the company or an independent agent), who offers a fixed price per acre for the right to drill, plus a royalty percentage of the value of the produced hydrocarbons.

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Furthermore, any mineral resources extracted from public land are royalty free.

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Ranches can be a patchwork, with deeded acreage, leased acreage and acreage where the Bureau of Land Management or another investor owns the mineral rights.

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In the delta, General Obasanjo is unpopular, because people remember his 1979 land-use law which gave all mineral rights to the state and, in their eyes, deprived them of revenue from the oil beneath their farms.

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As he discovered, Mexican landlords don't own mineral rights, but they do control who goes on the land.

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BP's plan, as submitted to the Mineral Management Service, placed exceedingly low probabilities on oil reaching land in the event of a major spill.

WSJ: BP's Preparedness for Major Crisis Is Questioned

They own the land, and they are paid dividends from the vast mineral resources in this part of the state.

NPR: Natural Resources Key to Alaska Town's Future