Although the first investigation involving geoforensics was at the start of the 20th Century, Doyle's famous detective was using the methodstosolve crimes in London some 30 years before.
To get to that point, though, they had to learn from and defeat the techniques of 72 other teams and competitors, all from different backgrounds and using different methodstosolve the problem.
Anyone creating a CAPTCHA system is playing a game of staying ahead of the curve, meaning they develop methods that bots cannot solve until someone teaches them to.
Ding, Senior Investigator at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and a professor at University of California San Francisco, is one of the scientists aiming tosolve this problem by generating stem cells using chemical methods.