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The Pfizer antibody shrank melanomas in 7 of 84 patients in a midstage trial.
FORBES: Targeting Melanoma
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However, many thinner melanomas also spread and only 40% of the thicker kind do.
BBC: NEWS | Health | Spread of skin cancer predicted
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T-cell, so that it would recognise the molecules found on the outer surface of melanomas.
ECONOMIST: Gene therapy has been shown to work on cancer
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Millennium found the gene by comparing the genes that were turned on in aggressive melanomas to those in more benign cases.
FORBES: Divining Disease
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Crucially for Dr DePinho's project, the development of vemurafenib was stimulated by the identification of a mutated gene often present in melanomas.
ECONOMIST: Cancer research
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In 2002 gene researchers in the U.K. discovered that two-thirds of melanomas have a mutation in a growth-promoting gene inside skin cells called BRAF.
FORBES: Targeting Melanoma
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They measured the density of lymph vessels around the melanomas, and then assessed which patients actually went on to develop secondary cancers within eight years.
BBC: NEWS | Health | Spread of skin cancer predicted
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Dr Tzou and his colleagues are looking at uses ranging from cutting out burnt skin and melanomas, to dentistry, bonding joint implants to bone, and general surgery.
ECONOMIST: Ultra-fast lasers
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Melanomas make up only a small proportion of the skin cancers in the UK - people with fair skin who are exposed to strong sunlight regularly are at higher risk.
BBC: Gene test 'aids' skin cancer detection
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By mimicking the conditions created by melanomas, they showed that in the presence of tumour cells, the immune system sent out IgG4 antibodies, but when faced with healthy cells it functioned as expected with IgG1 circulating.
BBC: Skin cancer 'able to fight off body's immune system'
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In 38% of cases in men, melanomas develop on the trunk, while in women, 42% of melanomas occur on the legs - both areas of the body which tend to remain hidden until the Sun comes out.
BBC: High UK temperatures mean people should take more care