The university's mechanical engineering department was given the bus by the federal government early this year for research and development, said mechanical engineering professor Vernon Roan.
Aside from mechanical challenges, what was missing that may have spurred personal robotics development was a dedicated programming language specifically for robot control and communication.
Those stemmed from flaws in the software that operates the systems of mechanical docks and payment kiosks, according to city officials and people familiar with the system's development.