Even for a company that spends immense resource on measuring risk, the US company cannot measure it in Scotland's case.
Because driverless cars have no track record, the biggest challenge for car insurance companies will be measuring risk and pricing policies accordingly.
Last year, Harry Kat, a professor at City University's Cass Business School in London, and three others used American stock and bond data from 1970 to 2003 in thousands of simulations measuring risk and return on ten-year Treasury bonds, alone and in more diversified portfolios.
Sharpe, a professor emeritus at Stanford, invented the Sharpe Ratio for measuring the risk-adjusted performance of investments.
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They will also have to employ the most sophisticated of the three ways of measuring operational risk.
The daily price moves in the U.S. stock indexes continue to be the gauge for measuring investor risk appetite in the market place.
For measuring credit risk, banks will have three options, each of which will assign more detailed weights to their assets than Basel 1 did.
Sharpe, the Stanford finance professor who devised the widely used Sharpe Ratio for measuring investment risk, recently took another looked at actively managed funds.
Alternatives have existed for years, and many of the world's largest financial institutions have used various tools for measuring credit risk that could be applied to the broader market.
Regulators in Switzerland have introduced a new capital regime for UBS and Credit Suisse, the country's two biggest banks, which restricts their total leverage as well as measuring their risk-weighted assets.
Sounds good, but it lives or dies based on how good these folks are at measuring specific risk, and how well ZestCash manages its own costs of managing discerning loan officers who only work over the telephone.
From a technical standpoint, this is a time to be a cautious buyer, as measuring the potential risk when considering any new positions is more important than thinking about any potential reward.
We propose strategies for measuring individual contributions to the risk to the system as a whole.
It has proposed sensible reforms to America's private-pension insurance system, including tying premiums to risk and a more accurate method of measuring pension assets and liabilities.
ECONOMIST: America's pension insurer sinks deeper into deficit
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