They cover a vast range of subjects from religious studies to mathematics, medicine and astronomy, music, literature, poetry, architecture and esoteric practices, and bear witness to the rich history of the city as a cultural crossroads and centre of learning.

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In education, the evidence is less clear: international studies of teenagers' prowess in mathematics and science show no clear link to spending levels.

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The global rankings are the result of two studies - the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS).

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For example, a STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) major at MIT would yield a higher score and loan compared to a religious studies major at a lesser ranked school.

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While India is producing huge numbers of mathematics, physics and chemistry graduates British numbers are falling, being replaced with soft subjects such as media studies.

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