In counting cards, as with most quant funds, the idea is to use a mathematical system to do just a little bit better than chance.

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Richard Goodwin tried his best to present a mathematical theory of such a disequilibrium system.

ECONOMIST: Economic reasoning

In order for the mathematisation of nature, that many historians regard as the core of the scientific revolution, to be consummated it became necessary in the 16th and 17th centuries to reform the prevailing education system and introduce a thorough grounding in the mathematical sciences in order to produce the mathematicians, astronomers and physicists capable of carrying out the task.

FORBES: A Long Forgotten Father of the Scientific Revolution

These attempt to manage the risk of the banking system through the superior guidance of complex rules based on black box mathematical algorithms.

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The mathematical sciences were neglected almost to the point of extinction within the mediaeval educational system, the schools teaching almost no mathematics and the universities only paying lip service to a narrow curriculum of mathematical topics at the very lowest level.

FORBES: A Long Forgotten Father of the Scientific Revolution