But teaching unions argued banning calculator use in the tests would risk pupils' ability to use them to tackle more complex mathematical problems.

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Pricing 150, 000 equity options in a second or assessing how much crude oil sits in a pocket 6 miles below the earth's surface are massively parallel mathematical computing problems for which graphics processors are peculiarly equipped.

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They want the new qualification to focus on statistics, mathematical modelling of real-life problems and general mathematical fluency.

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For example, Monte Carlo analysis is used for solving complex problems where mathematical formulas typically fall short.

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Hilbert's problems came from a variety of mathematical fields, and were to have a significant influence on 20th-century mathematics.

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The prime objective of Dr. Donoho's research is to apply mathematical and statistical tools to solve real-life problems, said Prof.

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