There are certain scenarios, says Dr Lagace, where you might want to use a material because of its surface properties, but you might not want that property all the way through the material.
This microscopic scale and sensitivity allows the sensor to map a high-resolution image of electrical charge that occurs over the surface of a source material (for example a human finger), when it makes contact with a thin insulating surface (ie a plastic surface).
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Areas that in 2005 had looked like flows of material on the surface appeared on this occasion to have undergone some erosion.
The result, they claim in a paper that will appear this month in the Journal of Physical Chemistry, is a nanofibre material with an extremely high ratio of surface-area to volume.
Observations of the material coating the dark face of Iapetus indicate it has a similar composition to the surface material on Phoebe.
This matters because the atoms on the surface of a material are generally more reactive than those at its centre.
However, as its name suggests, it runs parallel to the surface of the material that is propagating it, rather than penetrating this material.
Atoms on the surface of a material are generally more reactive than those inside (which is why powders dissolve more quickly than solids do).
And in the chamber, the respiration and the metabolic properties of the surface sand material were measured and we added nutrients and measured the gases that were produced.
He plans to cut a series of concentric circles into the surface of a piece of diamond, a material with one of the highest refractive indices known.
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The analogy that somebody used to me was it is -- we are trying to measure, 5, 000 feet below the surface, the amount of material that is coming up if you were to shake a Coke can.
As a result, the Moon has trillions of tons of asteroid material shattered and pulverized all over its surface.
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By placing interleaved comb-like electrodes on the surface of lithium niobate, a material that is piezoelectric (and so expands or contracts as a current is passed through it), Dr Wixforth was able to fine-tune the waves to do his bidding.
Although the father's genetic material is present in the embryo and on the surface of the placenta, the mother's body does not reject it.
Scientists speculate that the silicates stuck to the mantle might also be caught up in mantle convection and carried to the surface, accounting for reports of core material in lava erupting from hot, spot plumes, like those under Hawaii.
Magnetic activity on the stellar surface could also be caused by accretion of material onto it.
Odd patches of bright and dark material that scientists have yet to identify also appear on its surface.
The material also contains negatively charged ions, which can be moved with electric pulses to different parts of the surface.
After some experimenting, Norton settled on growing tin in the form of needles (about 50 nanometers in length) and adding textures to the material to create more surface area.
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According to a new computer model, liquid methane in contact with a partially hydrogen-terminated diamond surface at extremely high pressures and temperatures spontaneously forms longer hydrocarbons, and hence the material of crude oil could be formed deep in the earth.
This massively increases their surface area and hence the charge they can hold, but without impairing the physical strength of the material.
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